What gynecomastia is
Gynecomastia is the appearance that results from the enlargement of glandular tissue in the chest area. It is important to distinguish it from pseudogynecomastia, which mainly consists of fat accumulation - although the two look similar, their cause and treatment differ.
It can be temporary during adolescence and resolve on its own, but cases that persist into adulthood usually do not resolve by themselves.
Main causes
Hormonal change (an imbalance of estrogen and testosterone) is the most common cause - this can be related to adolescence, aging, or other hormonal processes.
Certain medications (including some blood pressure, gastrointestinal, and psychiatric drugs), anabolic steroid use, and alcohol can also contribute to the enlargement of glandular tissue.
Weight gain, liver or kidney problems, and, in rare cases, hormonal diseases can also be a cause - which is why evaluation is important.
Non-surgical approach
If the cause is a specific medication, changing the medication under a doctor's supervision may improve the condition. In weight-related pseudogynecomastia, weight loss can help.
If the enlargement is mainly glandular tissue (firm, non-elastic tissue), exercise and diet usually do not change the structure - in these cases, the non-surgical approach gives limited results.
Surgical option
When glandular tissue persists, gynecomastia surgery (removal of tissue, combined with liposuction if needed) is the main solution.
Before surgery, it is important to determine the cause (hormonal, medication-related, or other) - sometimes an additional medical workup (blood tests, etc.) is required so that an underlying cause is not overlooked.
When to see a doctor
If enlargement in the chest area has persisted for more than 6 months, if there is pain or firmness, or if sudden enlargement is observed on only one side, it is advisable to seek consultation so the cause can be clarified.